gottfried wilhelm leibnizfree macro recorder for mac

In vivo and in vitro studies suggest an important role of the eukaryotic actin cytoskeleton that interacts with the cell membrane via membrane-associated proteins ( Heinemann et al., 2013 Köster et al., 2016 Murase et al., 2004 Sheetz et al., 1980). Whether and how their spatiotemporal organization is actively regulated and maintained by the cell remains to be revealed. Recent findings suggest that the cell membrane should be considered as a heterogeneous lipid protein layer with coexisting small micro domains and clusters of lipids and proteins that are assumed to dynamically form and reorganize in response to external and internal cues ( Engelman, 2005 Simons and Gerl, 2010).

The spatiotemporal organization of lipids, proteins and other molecules at and within the cell membrane is pivotal for many fundamental cellular processes, such as signal transduction from the extracellular to the intracellular space ( Groves and Kuriyan, 2010).

Our findings illustrate how actin cortex remodeling in cells may control dynamic rearrangements of lipids and other molecules inside domains without directly binding to actin filaments. Moreover, the phase boundary allowed myosin driven actin filament rearrangements to actively move individual lipid domains, often accompanied by their shape change, fusion or splitting. We found that the process reached a steady state where line tension and lateral crowding balanced. The addition of actin filaments reorganized membrane domains. We recently reconstituted minimal actin cortices (MACs) (Vogel et al., 2013b) and here advanced our assay to investigate effects of rearranging actin filaments on the lateral membrane organization by introducing various phase-separated lipid mono- and bilayers to the MACs. The contractile actin cortex may govern the lateral organization of these domains in the cell membrane, yet the underlying mechanisms are not known. The cell membrane is a heterogeneously organized composite with lipid-protein micro-domains.

Gottfried wilhelm leibnizfree macro recorder for mac